我在2018-12-5發表維他命D中毒,狗飼料召回,報導至少有8個品牌的狗飼料含有足以中毒,甚至致命的維他命D劑量。
在文章的最後我有說:「其實,狗跟人一樣,只要曬太陽就可以攝取到足夠的維他命D(請看我去年2月2日發表的雞狗牛如何攝取維他命D)」。
我希望大家在雞狗牛如何攝取維他命D看到的是這兩句話:「很顯然地,動物皮毛裡的油脂,被陽光裡的紫外線照射後,就可以轉化成維他命D。大家都知道,貓和狗常會舔自己的毛。而這也就是牠們攝取維他命D的途徑之一」。
文章發表後不久,台大獸醫系的葉教授寄來這個電郵:
過去我都以為貓狗吸收VitD大多經由食物
https://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/dogs-need-vitamin-d-sunlight-5846.html
https://pets.thenest.com/cats-absorbing-vitamin-d-lying-sun-10489.html
但今天才看到舔毛以及在毛髮中進行的反應這回事….
您確定曬太陽獲得的VitD對他們來說,跟人類一樣重要嗎?
上面那兩個網路連結所打開的兩篇文章,是分別在講,狗和貓無法通過曬太陽來攝取維他命D。這當然與我的說法相左。所以,我必須給個解釋。
我的說法是根據(1)數篇網路文章,(2)數篇科學論文,和(3)一本萊斯大學(Rice University)發行的書。
網路文章有好幾篇,例如Our Pets Need Vitamin D, Too!,其中一段是Cats and dogs naturally acquire vitamin D nutrient from UVB sunlight. Unlike humans and reptiles, cats and dogs do not make vitamin D in their skin. When UVB rays strike an animal’s fur, oils in the fur are activated to produce vitamin D. Cats and dogs consume vitamin D when they lick or groom their coats.
科學論文也有好幾篇,其中三篇的標題和重點列舉如下:
1983年:Sebum Secretion and Sebaceous Lipids
In furred mammals an essential function of sebum is to supply 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is converted to vitamin D by the action of sunlight and then ingested by the animal as it grooms itself.
1991年:Some observations on the dietary vitamin D requirement of weanling pups
摘要的最後一句:The data support the concept that addition of vitamin D to typical commercial dog foods for purposes of prevention or amelioration of rickets, NSH or other skeletal diseases is unnecessary.
2014年:History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites
文中提到,在1919年,英國醫生梅蘭比(Edward Mellanby)用狗來做佝僂病的模型,而建立此一模型的條件之一,就是沒有讓狗曬到太陽(儘管梅蘭比當時並不知道缺乏日曬與佝僂病有關)。
萊斯大學的那本書是1939年發行,叫做Vitamins in human nutrition(是Chandler教授的演講系列)。它的第六章是VITAMIN D, THE SUNSHINE VITAMIN, AND OTHER FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS,其中有這兩句話:Animals obtain most of their vitamin D by their grooming operations. A cat licking her fur is getting her daily vitamin D as well as taking a bath.
葉教授寄來的那兩篇文章並沒有提供確切的參考資料。不過,經過我自己的搜索,發現它們的說法是根據一篇1994年發表的論文Dietary Vitamin D Dependence of Cat and Dog Due to Inadequate Cutaneous Synthesis of Vitamin D。
這篇論文也被絕大多數的相關科學論文引用,做為主張貓和狗無法通過曬太陽來攝取維他命D的根據。
但是,儘管如此,這篇論文的數據並不是用活的貓或狗做實驗取得的,而是用貓和狗的皮(皮的萃取物)做實驗取得的。
那,這就奇怪了。太陽曬到的明明是貓和狗的毛(不是皮)。但是,為什麼這篇論文卻用皮來做實驗呢?這樣的實驗,有實質的意義嗎?
反過來,我上面列舉的那篇1991年發表的論文,是用活生生的狗來做實驗的(飼料裡有無添加維他命D)。可是,很不幸的,它卻完全被“主流”忽視。
不管如何,您是要相信用死皮做的實驗,還是用活狗做的?
至少,不應當排除貓狗可以通過曬太陽來攝取維他命D的可能性吧。
您好,關於這個議題我也有查到幾篇學術論文討論狗貓或是肉食獸皮膚vit D合成相關研究。
首先對於貓的研究,所以食物中沒有vit D,有照太陽和沒照太陽的血中25-OHD濃度下降速度一樣快。
另外再對照有照太陽的情況下,有毛和無毛的下降速率也沒有差別,下降速度都是一樣快。而且在有照太陽的組別,有隻貓有產生hypovitaminosis D的症狀,所以貓還是要從食物中攝取vitamin D
No vitamin D (ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol) was found in the basal diet. The 25-OHD concentration in the plasma of kittens exposed to sunlight declined at a similar rate and attained the same end values as kittens kept inside a building without exposure to UV light (Fig. 1).This observation suggested that cats do not synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin D from exposure to UV light to maintain plasma concentration of 25-OHD. As the rate of decline in plasma 25-OHD was not slower in the kitten with the hair shaved than those not shaved, it suggested that limited exposure of skin to UV light was not the primary reason for the lack of effective synthesis of vitamin D. One kitten from the exposed group developed posterior paralysis that was subsequently found to be associated with vitamin D deficiency in cats (Morris et al. 1994).
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/129/4/903/4721868
對於狗食物中攝取Vit D的研究(Vitamin D3 metabolism in dogs),研究中對照出當食物中減少vit D3後,該群組的狗會漸漸開始出現rickets的病症(Study I),但很不巧的是這篇研究沒有講這些狗的生活環境是否有照到太陽以及有沒有剃毛等等的。
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431792
另外,關於您提到1991年那篇Some observations on the dietary vitamin D requirement of weanling pups,文章內結論並不是說狗不需要從食物內攝取vit D,而是說commercial diet內的vit D應該就夠了,不需要再額外多添加。這是該篇paper最後的結論:
The observation that large breed dogs raised in in door-outdoor kennel runs do not require added vitamin D is important because supplemental vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus are frequently recommended and used at levels in excess of the nutritional require ments of the dog, presumably to enhance bone growth and development. The data reported here suggest that supplementation of nonpurified, commercially available dog foods with vitamin D may not be necessary.
而且這篇研究也不是研究有沒有曬太陽和vit D之間的關係,材料與方法裡面提到這些狗是在可接受太陽照射的環境下吃兩種不同的食物,兩種食物都是同一種基底(corn, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, meat and bone meal, rice, animal fat, corn gluten feed, calcium chloride, dicalcium phos phate, sodium chloride and L-lysine hydrochloride.),然後一組有添加Vit D另一組沒有。基本上看這食物裡面就有不少vit D的來源,所以這篇研究最多也只能說其實食物內有的vit D就夠了,不需要額外添加。所以該篇無法用以論證狗可以藉由grooming來攝取足量的Vit D。
然後關於2014那篇提到的1919年Edward Mellanby的研究,這個研究是把狗關在室內不讓他曬到太陽,然後只餵他們吃蘇格蘭人最常吃的東西:Oatmeal,這是一種含有非常少量vit D的食物,而這些狗也沒有對照組可以曬太陽,所以這也沒有辦法建立狗曬太陽就可以補充vit D的論點。
以上幾篇狗相關的研究都沒有像是貓的那篇嚴謹,所以很難下犬可以藉由grooming來攝取足量的vit D。而在一篇Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis in carnivorous species有做多種不同肉食獸皮膚上7-DHC以及Vit-D含量在於照射UV前和照射UV後的比較,其中以確認需要照射太陽來攝取足量Vit D的雜食獸(老鼠),當作對照組,可以發現到大部分肉食獸皮膚上產生的7-DHC含量和老鼠相比是非常的低,依照由grooming來攝取毛髮上vit D的理論來說,這些肉食獸皮膚上皮脂腺能夠分泌的7-DHC量已經這麼低了,要藉由單純舔雙腳來攝取足量Vit D,這可能性有點低。
對於由grooming攝取Vit D的論點有人對於diary cow做了研究 (Vitamin D3 synthesis in the entire skin surface of dairy cows despite hair coverage),結論有講到對於牛來說grooming herdmate藉以攝取vit D是不成立的。
Hence, it appears that human clothing and cow hair are not comparable with respect to prevention of vitamin D3 synthesis and that cows, like humans, synthesize vitamin D3 evenly over their body surface. That vitamin D3 should be synthesized from sebum on the hair and obtained by cows as a result of grooming is not supported by the findings in the present study either, because large differences were found between the treatment groups. If grooming were the source of vitamin D3, then a relatively even 25(OH)D3 concentration between treatments would be expected, because covered cows would obtain vitamin D3 by grooming uncovered herdmates.
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(10)00191-8/fulltext
最後以野生肉食獸來說,大多除了吃小型哺乳類或是小型鳥類可能會整隻吃以外,基本上野生肉食獸很少吃皮毛的部分,因為難消化、難吃進肚子裡,所以看的到獅子、老虎鬣狗等等的野生肉食獸都主要吃內臟為主,而血漿和肝臟都含有大量的vit D,這些是他們食物中的vit D的來源。所以,對於肉食獸來說,食物來源的vit D遠比照射太陽或是grooming來的重要。
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另外,我還滿好奇VITAMIN D, THE SUNSHINE VITAMIN, AND OTHER FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS這裡面提到動物藉由grooming來攝取vit D的理論基礎是那些研究來的,這是還滿有趣的理論
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謝謝。這個爭議唯一的解決辦法就是做實驗(1)飼料有無含D,(2)貓狗有無UV照射。但是,我不相信會有人bother。
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大概就剩狗了,貓是有做了,但不知道為啥沒有人me too一下做個狗的…
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